How to write a research paper

Please refer to the paper template or contact us at support@ijpld.com for detailed guidelines, which are outlined below.

Title: The title of the manuscript should be concise, limited to 25 words or fewer, and devoid of abbreviations. It should clearly describe the essence of the paper, with only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns capitalized. For example: “Phosphorus forms and distribution in the Zhejiang coastal sediment in the East China Sea”.

Author Information: Provide the full names and affiliations of all authors. Include the contact details of the corresponding author, including telephone number, fax number, and official email address.

Abstract: The abstract must be informative and self-contained, summarizing the manuscript’s content in 300 words or fewer but more than 250 words. It should clearly present the study's background, methods, results, and conclusions. Avoid abbreviations and adhere to standard nomenclature.

Keywords: List 3-10 keywords following the abstract. Include any abbreviations used.

Text:

• Introduction: The introduction should establish the context of the study, presenting a clear statement of the research problem, reviewing relevant literature, and outlining the approach or solution proposed. It should be broad enough to engage a wide range of legal disciplines.

• Materials and Methods: This section should offer a comprehensive overview of the study. Provide detailed descriptions of participants, interventions, and analyses. Describe new methods in detail, cite previously published procedures, and briefly note significant modifications.

• Results: Present the results of the study in detail, supporting the study’s conclusions. Use the past tense for results from the authors' study and the present tense for previously published findings. The results and discussion sections may be combined or presented separately.

• Discussion: Summarize the reasons and evidence of your argument. It should summarize the forecasting of the research. It should explain why this research or study is important.

• Conclusion: The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points, along with a list of possible suggestions. For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, a two-or-three paragraph conclusion may be required.

Importance of a Good Conclusion:

Acknowledgements: Include acknowledgements for individuals, grants, and funding sources.

Formatting: Prepare the manuscript in single-column, double-spaced format, using Microsoft Word. Use a standard font such as 12-point Times New Roman. The maximum length is 17,500 words for the whole article including footnotes.

References:
Include only published or accepted manuscripts. Do not cite meeting abstracts, conference talks, or unpublished papers. Personal communications must be substantiated by a letter from the relevant authors. Use the citation-sequence method with references numbered in the order they appear in the text. Cite references in the text using bracketed numbers, with multiple citations separated by commas or ranges.

Reference Style:

Published Papers:

1. Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685.
2. Brusic V, Rudy G, Honeyman G, Hammer J, Harrison L (1998) Prediction of MHC class II- binding peptides using an evolutionary algorithm and artificial neural network. Bioinformatics 14: 121-130.
3. Doroshenko V, Airich L, Vitushkina M, Kolokolova A, Livshits V, et al. (2007) YddG from Escherichia coli promotes export of aromatic amino acids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 275: 312-318.

Note: Please list the first five authors and then add "et al." if there are additional authors.

Books:

1. Entire Book: Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. For electronic versions use – DOI if provided and no publishing location or - Retrieved from http://www.websitename.org - No retrieval date necessary.
2. Chapter in an edited book: Johnson, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. English translation of a book: Lang, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814) * In text, cite original date and translation date: (Lang, 1814/1951).

Conferences: </strong >

1. National Library of Medicine
2. Baggot JD (1999) Principles of drug disposition in domestic animals: The basis of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology. (1stedn), W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Ontario.
3. Zhang Z (2006) Bioinformatics tools for differential analysis of proteomic expression profiling data from clinical samples. Taylor & Francis CRC Press.
4. Hofmann T (1999) The Cluster-Abstraction Model: unsupervised learning of topic hierarchies from text data. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

Tables:
Tables should be minimal and simple. Type tables double-spaced, with headings and footnotes on separate pages. Number tables consecutively in Arabic numerals, providing a heading and legend for each. Tables should be self-explanatory and should not repeat data presented in figures or text. Use a normal, uniform font (Times New Roman, 9 points, no bold or italics).

1. To ensure compliance with journal standards, tables should be used sparingly and designed with simplicity in mind. Authors are strongly encouraged to submit tables in .doc format.
2. Tables must be double-spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. Each table should occupy a separate page, be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals, and be accompanied by a descriptive heading and a legend.
3. Tables should be self-explanatory, requiring no reference to the main text. Ideally, the legend should detail the methods used in the experiments, rather than including these descriptions in the main text.
4. Redundancy in data presentation must be avoided; data should not be presented in both table and graph form, nor should it be repeated in the text. Data from Excel spreadsheets can be copied and pasted into a Word document, but embedding Excel files as objects is prohibited.
5. All text and numbers within the tables should use a standard, uniform font—Times New Roman, 9-point, without bold or italics.
6. Capitalization should be minimal; only the first letter of the first word in the heading should be capitalized, except for proper nouns.
7. For numbers greater than 1,000, each group of three digits should be separated by a comma (e.g., 1,630,000 instead of 1630000).

Tables as Graphics: 
If tables cannot be encoded in MathML or XML/SGML, submit them as discrete TIFF or EPS files. Ensure consistent and legible font sizes throughout. 

• Suggested Equation Extraction Method  
• Table Specifications  
• Equation Specifications 

Supplementary Information:
Include supplementary items such as figures and tables referenced in the main text. Provide all supplementary information as a single PDF file, with images no larger than 640 x 480 pixels.

Proofs and Reprints:
Electronic proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as a PDF file. No substantial changes will be made at the proof stage except for typographical or minor clerical errors. Authors will have free electronic access to their article in various formats and can print unlimited copies.

Copyright:
Submission implies that the work has not been previously published (except as an abstract or part of a published lecture or thesis) and is not under consideration elsewhere. All works published by IJPLD are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, permitting copying, distribution, transmission, and adaptation provided proper citation of the original work.